Bias Confounding and Fallacies in EpidemiologyM. Tevfik DORAKExamplesRemediesFALLACIESDefinition(Effect Modification)Bias is one of the three major threats to internal validity:Bias ConfoundingRando

BIAS AND CONFOUNDINGNigel PanethHYPOTHESIS FORMULATION AND ERRORS IN RESEARCH All analytic studies must begin with a clearly formulated hypothesis. The hypothesis must be quantitative and specific.